Science and technology has become a part of human life. This makes all our daily activities easier. Since the beginning of life till today, there has been a lot of progress in the field of science. Scientific research is still going on towards new findings and discoveries.
- Science broadly includes description of environment, experimental observation, theoretical study, behavior of physical organisms, study of various processes etc. Technology is not considered science. It is defined as the applications of science for human needs.
- Technology is a collection of continuous discoveries. It was made for human needs and convenience It can be called an invention..
- Technology is derived from the Greek word Technologia.
- Processes are carried out systematically using technology and science. Man always uses technology for better livelihood and comfortable lifestyle
- He is constantly striving to modernize and get better results.
Example: If acquisition of book knowledge in engineering education is considered science, then its applications Technology can be thought of as connecting devices to achieve better results.
History of development of science and technology in India
Civilization: Since the beginning of civilization, science and technology have had an impact on the lifestyle of people in our country. BC Historians claim that Indians adopted civilization and new trends in 2500.
People of Indus civilization used wheel. Plow the land. Metals were melted with the help of a furnace. Buildings were built to control fire and withstand floods. Magnificent buildings, baths and granaries were built. Burnt bricks were used in the constructions. Drainage system has been established. The streets were orderly. All these can be said to be signs of the science and technology of the Indus people.
Mathematics: Intellectual inquiry into technology began in the Vedic period and many new discoveries were made. Sulva sutras were discovered during this period. Geometry was used in the shapes and constructions of the altars. Various mathematical discoveries were made during this period. All these contribute to the development of modern mathematics.
- According to historians, it was Indian scientists who discovered 'Zero'.
- Arabic numerals invented by Indians were called "Hindi" (Hindsa) by the Arabs. They are so named because they originate from Hindustan. ' Mathematics discovered by mathematicians like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, Mahavira, Bhaskara-11 etc.
Astronomy: Indians also researched astronomy. Earth revolves around itself
Aryabhatta, the scientist who first mentioned rotation, is about Earth's rotation Definitely said.
'Pancha Siddhanta' and 'Surya Siddhanta' from India are very popular. In the 18th century, Raja Sawai Jaisingh, the king of Jaipur - established astronomical observatories at Ujjain, Varanasi, Mathura, Jaipur and Delhi. The ones in Jaipur and Delhi are still serving today.
Chemicals - Industries: India is leading in manufacturing of chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Dyeing, paper production, sugar industry, mineral exploration, manufacturing of new metal alloys etc. started in our country.
Agriculture Sector: Ancient Indians also made innovations in the field of agriculture.
Works like construction of dams, digging of canals and diversion of water were carried out.
* A few centuries ago the method of food storage was invented. They made pickles, orugas, marmalades, butter and ghee.
Structures: masonry, monoliths, vajralepa (very hard cement)Structures, lacquer, buildings etc. are the evidence of Indian history and culture.
Medieval Hindu-Islamic traditional buildings with state-of-the-art technology appear.
Advanced structures developed with knowledge of hydraulics, pumps for separate distribution of hot and cold water etc. are considered as Indian heritage.
Wars: Ancient Indians improved their martial arts through scientific technology. In the 16th and 17th centuries, modern cannons and guns were used.
Historical evidence suggests that sailors adopted the method of navigation as early as the 13th century. There is evidence that even European ships were built in India.
The challenges: Science and technology can lead to development as well as destruction. It has become difficult to control them in highly populated countries like India. In our country, even today, the people of the backward communities do not have access to basic necessities such as fresh water, sanitation, food, medicine and education. In addition to meeting these needs, the country will move on the path of further development only when the growth of the science and technology sectors is rapid.
Health Sector: Ancient Indian scientists contributed a lot to the development of health sector. Adharvanveda, It is famous as a medical center of India.
In ancient times herbal medicine was followed according to the symptoms and severity of the disease. It is already practiced in villages.
• Sushruta's Sushruta Samhita, the Charaka Samhita deposited by Charaka, is a reference to the ancient Ayurvedic system of India referred to as guidelines.
Analysts are of the opinion that surgical treatment skills were also known to Indians two thousand years ago and they spread from India to other continents.
Advancement in science and technology:
Science and technology in India due to colonial powers, Muslim invasions and British rule. Slowed down.
The British suppressed indigenous producers and made Indians accustomed to foreign goods Encouraged.
Due to this suppression, the youth of India are thinking about the new science and technology sector started.
Sir William Jones established 'The Foundation of Asiatic Society' in 1784. Science: Technology It is called as the first step for research in the field. By this society in 1866 'Indian Museum of Calcutta' was established.
* In 1878, Dr. Manendra Sarkar established 'The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science'. Later, scientific research societies were established in Calcutta, Lakh Nau, Madran, Pune etc. There various researches were explained experimentally. Many types of research.
The documents were molded. | Geological Survey of India in 1851 under Geology Professor Thomas Olham.
Arranged. It laid the foundation for geological investigations. A 'Botanical Garden' was established in our country in 1788. But there is no research institute for the study of plants in India. Dr. In 1890 'The Botanical Survey of India' was formed.
As a result of John Anderson's efforts, in 1916 the name of 'Indian Museum' was changed to 'Zoological Survey of Changed to 'India'.
* Industrial Research Fund was set up in 1942 for industrial research. In the next phase Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) was formed. A self-owned company.
'Imperial Council of Agricultural Research' was established in 1929 for agricultural research.
Various scientific and technological research institutes established in 19th century.
*1911 -Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
*1917 - The Bose Institute, Calcutta
*1934 -The Indian Academy of Science, Bangalore.
*1945 -Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TISR), Mumbai.
*1947 Sriram Institute for Industrial Research.
Industrial classification:
Industries-Technology in manufacturing sector.
Science is mainly classified into three parts. They are
- Industries-Technology
- Adequate or intermediate technology
- Advanced technology
Minimal Technology: This involves knowing how to use various scientific instruments. By using this technology there is no locational mobility for workers.
Adequate or intermediate technology: Speedy production of intermediate products with the help of technology and increase production capacity.
Advanced technology: It is used for research in the fields of communication, space and nuclear weapons. Experiments in places where humans cannot go with the help of maximum technology is being conducted.
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